Animals Predicting Earthquakes?

Surely it is too much to believe that animals can predict earthquakes when we have not worked out how to do it ourselves?

On 26 December 2004, villagers from Bang Koey in Thailand noticed buffalo on the beach lift their heads, look out to sea, and then stampede to the top of a nearby hill. Minutes later, the tsunami struck. Could these creatures have been sensing early warning signs of the earthquake that triggered the Asian tsunami? It is a strange assertion, but the possibility that animals might hold the answer cannot be ignored, as a warning system could save many lives.

The idea that animals can predict earthquakes has ancient origins. From 373 BC, there are stories of rats, dogs and snakes deserting the Greek city of Helice before an earthquake struck. It was the first in a long line of such anecdotes. What has been lacking is any real scientific data linking animal behaviour with earthquakes.

In late 2000, however, Stanley Coren from the University of British Columbia began a study to discover whether dogs suffer from seasonal affective disorder. Twice weekly, he emailed 200 dog owners in Vancouver, asking them to rate their pets’ activity and anxiety levels using a nine-point scale.

In general, there was little daily variability. Coren’s initial analysis of information collected over many months strongly refuted his suspicion that dogs become depressed during winter, and he abandoned the project.

However, when he finally examined the figures in detail several years later, he noticed that on 27 February 2001, nearly 50 per cent of the dogs were well above their usual baseline levels for activity and anxiety. The likelihood of such a difference occurring by chance was remote, and Coren searched through newspaper archives for a possible cause.

He found that on 28 February, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 had shaken the Pacific Northwest, with its epicentre at Nisqually, approximately 240 kilometres south of Vancouver. Coren wondered what the dogs could have sensed.

There was little evidence to guide him. Even the most comprehensive earthquake research project in the world, the Parkfield experiment in California, could not help. Since 1985, researchers from the US Geological Survey, or USGS, have monitored a section of the San Andreas Fault near the town of Parkfield. They have analysed every tremor and measured tiny movements of the fault at ten-minute intervals, but to date, the project has revealed nothing that would reliably indicate that an earthquake is imminent.

There is still considerable speculation about animals predicting earthquakes. For example, one idea is that some animals detect changes in the Earth’s electrical field. Another theory is that animals respond to gases such as radon released from rocks before an earthquake, despite the fact that few experts accept that such gas is produced.

Rupert Sheldrake, a British researcher, suggests that "people notice unusual animal behaviour before disasters. I think animals are picking up on something that we cannot, perhaps by using a sixth sense."

Coren, however, had read about rescue dogs hearing avalanche victims beneath the snow and suspected that the dogs in his study might also have been hearing vibrations. He therefore returned to his data to examine whether dogs with hearing impairments had shown any significant increase in anxiety on 27 February.

Only one hearing-impaired dog had become unusually anxious, and it was living with a dog that had normal hearing and had also become anxious. Dogs with floppy ears showed only half the change in activity and one-third of the change in anxiety levels displayed by dogs with pricked ears.

Not only would an ear flap reduce the amount of sound reaching the inner ear, but Coren also realised that it would weaken high-frequency sounds more than low-frequency ones. Furthermore, dogs with smaller heads were significantly more likely to behave strangely than those with larger heads. This was interesting, given that smaller-headed dogs are more sensitive to higher frequencies.

Taken together, Coren’s results present an alluring hypothesis. He suggests that the kinds of high-frequency sounds that many dogs can hear are emitted before an earthquake, perhaps by rocks scraping together underground.

Admittedly, this is only one study. Even if Coren is correct, is it still possible that other animals could predict earthquakes in different ways? Eric Wikramanayake, a conservation scientist who used radio collars and happened to be studying elephants in Sri Lanka when the tsunami struck, is entirely sceptical.

What he found was precisely nothing. One herd was only 100 metres from the beach when the tsunami arrived, and the elephants simply took cover behind a large sand dune when the wave came into sight. The other herd was safely located approximately five kilometres inland and did not display any unusual movements.

Even if some earthquakes are preceded by high-frequency vibrations, is it feasible that dogs in Vancouver could detect sounds emitted near Nisqually? USGS seismologist Andy Michael points out that the epicentre was more than 240 kilometres south of Vancouver.

"It is physically implausible for seismic waves in the kilohertz range to travel that far," he says.

Although unconvinced by Coren’s ideas, Michael adds a cautionary tale:

"When Alfred Wegener presented his theory of continental drift, his core ideas about tectonics were correct, but nobody listened because the mechanisms were wrong."

Therefore, if animals are able to foretell earthquakes, does it matter how? In fact, while Western society has been reluctant to use animals as earthquake predictors, China has already embraced the idea. Experts there use a video link to maintain a 24-hour watch on snakes at farms nationwide. If the snakes attempt to escape from their enclosures, observers issue a warning.

Other governments may not be willing to go that far just yet, but Coren believes that a centre which people could call when they observe unusual behaviour would be useful.

"We would be able to collect much more data and give warnings when we receive hundreds of calls from a single area," he says.

It could cost little more than the price of setting up a telephone line. Put that way, what have we got to lose?

* tsunami: a large, destructive wave caused by an earthquake

** seasonal affective disorder: emotional and psychological changes caused by changes in the amount of daylight during winter